四级写作中的常用句型与短语

　　1) 比较对照 的常用句型与短语

　　like A, B …

　　Just as A, B …

　　There are a lot of similarities between A and B;

　　A is like B in …;

　　A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B …

　　Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B …

　　A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B ..

　　A …, B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, …

　　A has nothing in common with B;

　　Compared with A, B …;

　　We can compare A to B …;

　　on the contrary/on the other hand in contrast;

　　In comparison with;

　　in spite of the fact;

　　nevertheless;

　　whereas;

　　conversely

　　2)举例

　　First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), …

　　The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final)

　　Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last(Finally)

　　One/Another/Still another/The last

　　The most essential/most important/primary/chief is …

　　To start with … ; moreover, … ; last, …

　　To begin with, … ; most important of, … ; in addition, …

　　First and foremost, … ; second, … ; finally

　　3) 因果

　　as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that

　　4) 承上启下，转折与总结的常用语

　　(1)启下的常用语

　　When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with …, some people

　　claim/think/argue/believe that …, but/while others …(differently)

　　Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to ….

　　With the development/improvement/growth of …,

　　Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that …,

　　According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, …

　　Have you ever thought/wondered …?

　　Suppose …

　　As the saying goes, …

　　(2) 承上的常用语

　　Those who hold ….

　　It is true that …

　　To be sure ..

　　First/Firstly …

　　The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential ….

　　"承接上文"的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，与举例的也不同。应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。

　　(3)转折的常用语

　　It sounds like a good(attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice

　　There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact …

　　Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics).

　　Close (careful) examination (analysis) of these arguments (ideas, suggestions), however, would reveal (suggest, prove) how flimsy (不足信的，不严密)(fallacious(靠不住的), groundless(没有根据的)) they are.

　　However logical (sound, forcible(有说服力)) these arguments may be, they don’t make sense (only skim the surface of the problem) when … is viewed the other way (taken into consideration).

　　As opposed to (Contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held idea (belief, view), new studies (facts) challenge (fail to justify) the opinion (view).

　　Good/Superior/Wonderful as …., it has its own disadvantages/ it brings its own problems.

　　They may be right about …, but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account …

　　In all the discussion and debate over …, one important/basic fact is ignored/overlooked/neglected.

　　It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesn’t follow/doesn’t mean that …

　　There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and more basic/essential/important fact/factor …

　　In many cases, however, …

　　As far as .. is concerned, …

　　(4) 总结的常用语

　　Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that …

　　From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely 　　draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that…

　　In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude ….

　　It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to …

　　 In short … ; In a word, … ; In brief, … ;In conclusion, … ;On the whole, … ;In all, … ;Altogether, … ;There fore; it can be concluded that…; On the basis; Given this; it can be inferred that …; Finally; It can / may be said that …

　　5)表示分类法常用的句型：

　　X may be classified/divided according to … ; on the basis of …; The classification is based on …

　　X may be put into … groups… consists of / comprises

　　6)表示时间顺序的常用句型：

　　Before / until something has been done ( doing something),…

　　While / As something is done ( doing something), …

　　During this time / process

　　The process begins ( finishes / concludes ) with …

　　7)表示数量之间比较的语句：

　　increase / decrease by X times (净增/减X倍)

　　It increased ( rose, jumped, shot up ) to X

　　It decreased ( dropped, fell ) to X

　　The figure ( percentage, number, population, amount) has almost doubled as against that of last year

　　8)表示观点的语句：

　　The first thing to be considered is …; I believe that …; It is a fact that …; This is unlikely to be true; These views are open to doubt; They would seem to be mistaken; It is generally / widely argued ( held / believed) that …

　　9)表示扩展的语句：

　　On the other hand; …aside from …; There is limit to …; No one can claim that …; The surprising thing is that …; The same is true of …; What’s more series is that …; No one can deny that …; There ‘s no doubt that …

　　10)表示因果的词语：

　　consequently; as a result; in consequence; therefore; hence; thus; accordingly; so; for; since